A continuum-atomistic method for incorporating Joule heating into classical molecular dynamics simulations

A hybrid atomistic-continuummethod is presented for incorporating Joule heating into large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. When coupled to a continuum thermostat, the method allows resistive heating and heat transport in metals to be modeled without explicitly including electronic degrees of freedom. Atomic kinetic energies in a MD simulation are coupled via an ad hoc feedback loop to continuum current and heat transfer equations that are solved numerically on a finite difference grid (FDG). For resistive heating, the resistance in each region of the FDG is calculated from the experimental resistivity, atomic density, and average kinetic energy in theMD simulation. A network of resistors is established fromwhich the potential at every FDG region is calculated given an applied voltage. The potential differences and the resistance between connected FDG regions are used to calculate the current between the two points and the heat generated from that current. This information is then added back into the atomic simulation. Themethod is demonstrated by simulating Joule heating andmelting, alongwith associated changes in current, of single and bundles of metal nanowires, as well as a “pinched” wire under applied strain.